國外有機設施園藝現(xiàn)狀及對中國設施農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的啟示.pdf

<p>34 &nbsp; &nbsp; 15 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;V ol.34 &nbsp;No.15 2018 &nbsp; &nbsp; 8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Aug. &nbsp; 2018 &nbsp; &nbsp; 1 &nbsp; 國外有機設施園藝現(xiàn)狀及對中國設施農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的啟示 &nbsp;劉霓紅 1 ，蔣先平 1 ， 程俊峰 1 ，李 惠 玲 1 ， &nbsp;李 &nbsp;葦 2 ，薛坤鵬 1 ，侯 &nbsp;露 2 ，熊 &nbsp;征 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;1. &nbsp; 510640 &nbsp;2. &nbsp; 510530 &nbsp;摘 &nbsp;要： &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;關鍵詞 ：溫室，園藝， 設施農業(yè)，有機認證，可持續(xù)性發(fā)展，植物工廠 &nbsp;doi &nbsp;10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.15.001 &nbsp;中圖分類號：S62 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 文獻標志碼：A &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 文章編號：1002-6819(2018)-015-0001-09 &nbsp;劉霓紅 ，蔣先平 ，程俊峰 ， 李惠 玲 ， 李 &nbsp;葦 ， 薛 坤 鵬， 侯 &nbsp;露，熊 &nbsp;征. 國 外 有 機 設施 園藝 現(xiàn) 狀 及對 中 國 設施 農 業(yè)可 持 續(xù)發(fā)展的啟示J. 農業(yè)工程學報， 2018 ， 34(15) ： 1 9. &nbsp; &nbsp;doi ： 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.15.001 &nbsp; &nbsp;http:/www.tcsae.org &nbsp;Liu Nihong, Jiang Xianping, Cheng Junfeng, Li Huiling, Li Wei, Xue Kunpeng, Hou Lu, Xiong Zheng. Current situation of &nbsp;foreign organic greenhouse horticulture and its inspiration for sustainable development of Chinese protected agriculture J. &nbsp;Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(15): 1 9. (in Chinese &nbsp;with English abstract) &nbsp; &nbsp;doi ：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.15.001 &nbsp; &nbsp;http:/www.tcsae.org 0 &nbsp;引 &nbsp;言 &nbsp; &nbsp;1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3-6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Nature Plant &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;21 &nbsp; &nbsp;2018-04-28 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2018-06-05 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2017LM2153 &nbsp; 2017 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2017 &nbsp;88 &nbsp; 2016 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2016 &nbsp;31 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2016 &nbsp;108 &nbsp; 2017 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2017 &nbsp;88 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ZH201602 &nbsp;ZH201603 &nbsp;ZH201604 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Email: 93226078qq.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Email: xiongz109qq.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;10% 20% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8-9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;organic greenhouse horticulture, OGH &nbsp; &nbsp;BioGreenhouse &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1 &nbsp;國外有 機設施 園藝發(fā) 展現(xiàn)狀 &nbsp;1.1 &nbsp;有機設 施園藝 產生的背 景 &nbsp; &nbsp;2016 &nbsp;Willer &nbsp;Lernoud &nbsp; 1999 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4 &nbsp;2014 &nbsp;4300 &nbsp;hm 211 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;133 &nbsp;hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 290 137 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;835 315 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;49 225 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 146 657 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 706 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (59 669 hm 2 ) &nbsp; (46 573 hm 2 ) &nbsp; &nbsp;(26 664 hm 2 ) &nbsp; (25 930 hm 2 ) &nbsp; (22 331 hm 2 ) &nbsp;(15 554 hm 2 ) &nbsp; (11 690 hm 2 ) &nbsp;(10 392 hm 2 ) &nbsp; (8014 hm 2 ) &nbsp; (6003 hm 2 ) 1 &nbsp;11 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2014 &nbsp; &nbsp;1999 &nbsp; 綜合 研究 &nbsp; &nbsp;2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;http:/www.tcsae.org &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2018 &nbsp; &nbsp;5 &nbsp; 800 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;359 &nbsp; &nbsp; 45% &nbsp; &nbsp;11% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2014 &nbsp; &nbsp; 262 &nbsp; 7.6% &nbsp;2 Dorais &nbsp;Cull &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0.5% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 30% &nbsp;40% 12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2018 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1500 &nbsp;8-11 &nbsp;圖 1 &nbsp;全球 10 大有機蔬菜生產國 &nbsp;Fig. 1 &nbsp;Top 10 countries producing organic vegetable 圖 2 &nbsp;全球有機食品市場消費份額 &nbsp;Fig. 2 &nbsp;Ratio of global market by 10 top countries &nbsp; &nbsp; Seufert &nbsp; &nbsp; 66 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;13 &nbsp; Seufert &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.2 &nbsp;有機設 施園藝 定義、起 源和目 標 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; international federal of &nbsp;organic agriculture movement, IFOAM &nbsp;2008 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2013 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; TP organic &nbsp; 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;14 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 15 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.3 &nbsp;國外有 機設施 園藝認證 面積 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16 &nbsp; &nbsp;2016 &nbsp; 1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5236 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3066 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2000 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;500600 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 263 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1875 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 500 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;230 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;214 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;186 &nbsp;hm 212 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;8.4% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 51% &nbsp; &nbsp;116 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;90% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;12 &nbsp;表 1 &nbsp;國外有機設施蔬菜種植面積及 所占其比例 12,16Table 1 &nbsp;Estimation of organic vegetable greenhouse area &nbsp;worldwide and share in terms of their respective country &nbsp;greenhouse vegetable greenhouse area 12, 16 . &nbsp; &nbsp;Category &nbsp; Countries &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Organic &nbsp;vegetable &nbsp;greenhouse &nbsp;area /hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; Conventional &nbsp;vegetable &nbsp;greenhouse &nbsp;area /hm 2 Ratio/% &nbsp; &nbsp; European &nbsp;Union &nbsp; &nbsp;Italy 2000 42800 4.7 &nbsp; &nbsp;Spain 2000 75200 2.7 &nbsp; France 500600 11500 4.35.2 &nbsp; Germany 263 1273 20.7 &nbsp; Netherlands 125 4890 2.6 &nbsp; United Kingdom 80 1820 4.4 &nbsp; Switzerland 57 550 10.4 &nbsp; &nbsp;Belgium 32 1600 2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp;Austria 30 510 5.9 &nbsp; Denmark 25 120 20.8 &nbsp; Sweden 12 145 8.3 &nbsp; Finland 9 270 3.3 &nbsp; &nbsp;Hungary 1.5 5400 &nbsp;0.1 &nbsp; Iceland 1 10 10 &nbsp; &nbsp;Estonia 0.7 89 &nbsp;0.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; Non- &nbsp;European &nbsp;Union &nbsp; &nbsp;Mexico 1875 3676 51 &nbsp; &nbsp;Israel 500 11000 4.5 &nbsp; &nbsp;Morroco 230 20000 1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp;Canada 214 1460 14.7 &nbsp; USA 186 911 20.4 &nbsp; &nbsp;Turkey 31 40336 &nbsp;0.1 &nbsp; Egypt 30 6800 &nbsp;0.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;15 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;17 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1000 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1800 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 59.55 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;13.91 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;12.26 hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 28.2 hm 2 &nbsp;3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;表 2 &nbsp;美國和加拿大的有機設施蔬菜主要產區(qū)及其面積 12, 14, 17Table 2 &nbsp;Main producing regions of organic greenhousevegetables in USA and Canada 12, 14, 17 . &nbsp; Countries &nbsp;Province &nbsp;Area/hm 2 USA &nbsp; California 51.86 &nbsp; &nbsp;Oregon 28.47 &nbsp; &nbsp;Florida 12.36 &nbsp; &nbsp;Pennsylvania 11.15 &nbsp; Vermont 7.42 &nbsp; Maine 6.87 &nbsp; &nbsp;Georgia 6.52 &nbsp; &nbsp;Arizona 6.09 &nbsp; Texas 4.22 &nbsp; Canada &nbsp; Quebec 82 &nbsp; &nbsp; British Columbia 55 &nbsp; &nbsp;Ontario 50 &nbsp; &nbsp;Nova Scotia 10 &nbsp; &nbsp; New Brunswick 7 &nbsp; Alberta 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Prince Edward Island 3 &nbsp; Prairie 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;Newfoundland 1 表 3 &nbsp;美國有機設施蔬菜主要品種 及其面積 17Table 3 &nbsp;Main crops of organic greenhouse vegetables in USA 17 &nbsp;Main crops &nbsp;Area/hm 2 Tomato 59.55 &nbsp; Sweet pepper 13.91 &nbsp; Melon 1.67 &nbsp; Bean-pea 1.39 &nbsp; Herbs 28.2 &nbsp; Lettuce 12.26 &nbsp; Spinach 4.53 &nbsp; Brassica oleracea 2.42 &nbsp; &nbsp;Other vegetable 61.9 1.4 &nbsp;有機設 施園藝 產量和盈 利分析 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4555 kg/m 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2030 kg/m 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5060 kg/m 212 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 14.82 &nbsp;kg/m 2 &nbsp;hm 2 &nbsp; &nbsp;66 996 &nbsp;18 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;170%346% 19 &nbsp;Crowder &nbsp;Reganold &nbsp;meta &nbsp; &nbsp;40 a &nbsp;55 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20 &nbsp; &nbsp;10%18% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7%13% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 29%32% &nbsp; &nbsp; 5%7% &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;21-22 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;17, 23 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 24-25 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5 &nbsp; &nbsp;26, 27 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;28 &nbsp;表 4 &nbsp;溫室番茄有機種植和傳統(tǒng)種植的 產量對比分析 &nbsp;Table 4 &nbsp;Contrastive analysis of organic yield and traditional &nbsp;planting of greenhouse Tomato &nbsp; &nbsp;Country &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Organic planting/ &nbsp;(kg· m -2 ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Traditional &nbsp;planting/(kg· m -2 ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Comparison of organic &nbsp;and traditional yield &nbsp; &nbsp;Netherlands &nbsp;2945 65 0.69 &nbsp; &nbsp;Canada &nbsp;3048.853.5 52.052.6 0.941.02 1.5 &nbsp;有機設 施園藝 基本形式 及認證 規(guī)則要 點 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 31 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 32 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 33-35 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 36-37 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;38 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;http:/www.tcsae.org &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2018 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39-40 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2010 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;EGTOP &nbsp; 2013 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>